PKQq8 \66refs.MYD? Hopkins, W G2006[Viagra at altitude and other performance-related highlights of the ACSM 2006 annual meeting1-7 Sportscience10:elite athletes, ergogenic aids, nutrition, tests, trainingcAcute Strategies: Effects of ibuprofen, pre-tensing, pre-cooling, circadian rhythym, warm-ups, ice-cold recovery, bike fitting, stretching, post-activation potentiation, whole-body vibration, and massage. Altitude: Viagra for performance at high altitude; the live-high train-low mechanism debate; effects of adaptation to artificial altitude. Mechanisms: maximum effort is related to a critical fatigue level in muscle; hard training stimulates EPO; evidence that muscle pH limits intense exercise. Nutrition: training on low carbohydrate; galactose vs other carbs and caffeine; milk protein, amino acids and cherry juice for recovery; colostrum for training; vitamin C and fish oil for asthmatics; echinacea stimulates EPO; caffeine for team-sport and tennis performance; effects of mild hypohydration. Performance Genes: minor findings. Tests and Technology: using modeling to optimize cycling performance; soccer tests; mountain-bike suspensions. Training: big gains with respiratory-muscle, core-stability and high-resistance training. Reviewer's Comment: a balanced view of train-low compete-high on carbohydrate. $http://sportsci.org/2006/wghACSM.htm]Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 1020, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz? Seiler, S20067Commentary on train-low compete-high in the ACSM report7 Sportscience10http://sportsci.org/2006/ss.htmqAgder University College, Faculty of Health and Sport, Kristiansand 4604, Norway. Email: stephen.seiler=AT=hia.no? Hopkins, W G2006=The Journals World Cup 2005: impact factors for sport science9-11 Sportscience10)academic, citation, publication, researchA journal's impact factor is the rate at which its recent articles have been cited. The median impact factor for journals in sport science is 1.0, which is similar to that of many other biomedical disciplines. This year's medal winners for improvement in impact factor, with an increase of at least 70%, are Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine (now on 2.8), Journal of Sports Sciences (1.7), and Jour-nal of Sport Management (0.7). Journals showing an increase of 30-69% are High Altitude Medicine and Biology (2.0), British Journal of Sports Medicine (1.9), Australian Journal of Physiotherapy (1.5), Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy (1.4), Journal of Clinical Psychology (1.3), and Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport (1.1). About 16 journals showed an increase of 10-29%, those more closely identified with sport science being Sports Medicine (3.3), Journal of Applied Psychology (2.9), Journal of Biomechanics (2.4), Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (2.2), European Journal of Applied Physiology (1.6), Pediatric Exercise Science (1.6), Psychology of Sport and Exercise (1.3), Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (1.1), Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (1.1), Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (0.9), and Journal of Sport and Social Issues (0.6). Well-known journals that have changed by less than 10% include Journal of Applied Physiology (3.0), Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise (2.8), Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews (2.5), American Journal of Sports Medicine (2.4), and International Journal of Sports Medicine (1.4), Journals falling by more than 10% include Physical Therapy (1.7), Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (1.2), and Journal of Athletic Training (1.1). "http://sportsci.org/2006/wghif.htm]Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz? Seiler, S2006,One hundred and fifty years of rowing faster12-45 Sportscience10@elite athlete, efficiency, history, performance, power, training9Boat velocity has increased linearly by 2-3% per decade since the first Oxford-Cambridge boat race in 1829. Part of this increase is a result of recruitment of athletes from a population that has become taller and stronger. However, the increase in boat speed attributable to increased physical dimensions alone accounts for less than 10% of the total improvement, because the increase in rower mass has increased boat drag. A 10-fold increase in training load over the last 150 years probably accounts for about one-third of the increase in physical capacity and performance. The rest of the improvement is due to reductions in boat drag, increases in oar blade efficiency, and improvements in rowing technique. Boat design was revolutionized in the 19th century, the only substantial change since then being a gradual reduction in boat weight. Oar design and construction have evolved steadily, the most recent development being the introduction of cleaver or “big” blades in 1991. Improvements in rowing technique have increased boat speed by reducing boat yaw, pitch and roll, and by improving the pattern of force application. New tools for real-time measurement and feedback of boat kinematics and force patterns are opening new approaches to training of individual rowers and to selection of rowers for team boats. %http://sportsci.org/2006/ssrowing.htmqAgder University College, Faculty of Health and Sport, Kristiansand 4604, Norway. Email: stephen.seiler=AT=hia.nod? Hopkins, W G2006@A spreadsheet for combining outcomes from several subject groups51-53 Sportscience10>confidence limits, confounding, covariate, inference, modelingData analysis that fails to account for independent groups defined by a subject characteristic (e.g., sex) or by a design characteristic (e.g., treatment order) can result in bias, confounding, and loss of precision in the outcome. Combining the outcomes from separate analyses of the groups is a robust approach to the problem that is easily achieved with the spreadsheet presented here. Differences in the outcome between groups represent the effect of the characteristic on the outcome, while the mean of the outcomes represents the outcome adjusted appropriately for the characteristic. The spreadsheet calculates confidence limits for the differences and for the mean from the confidence limits for the outcome in each group. It also presents magnitude-based inferences for the differences and mean. There are separate cells in the spreadsheet for outcomes represented by means or other normally distributed statistics, relative rates (risk, odds and hazard ratios) or other log-normally distributed statistics, and correlation coefficients.#http://sportsci.org/2006/wghcom.htm]Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nzO? Hopkins, W G2006\Spreadsheets for analysis of controlled trials, with adjustment for a subject characteristic46-50 Sportscience10fcrossover, design, inference, repeated measures, intervention, randomized, transformation, t statisticSpreadsheets previously available at this site for analysis of controlled trials have been updated to allow inclusion of one covariate representing a subject characteristic. The spreadsheets provide estimates of the effect of an intervention adjusted to any chosen value of the covariate, thereby reducing the possibility for confounding of the effect when a characteristic such as age, fitness or sex is unequal in the experimental and control groups. The pre-test value of the dependent variable can also be included as a covariate to avoid confounding by the phenomenon of regression to the mean. Graphs of change scores plotted against the covariate show visually how the treatment effect is adjusted to the chosen value of the covariate. The spreadsheets also provide an estimate of the effect of the covariate itself, representing individual responses attributable to the covariate. Other new features of the spreadsheets include plots of raw and back-transformed means with easily modified standard-deviation bars, and qualitative inferential outcomes based on interpretation of the span of the confidence interval relative to magnitude thresholds for trivial, small, moderate, large, and very large.(http://sportsci.org/2006/wghcontrial.htm]Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz?Batterham, A M2006<Commentary on Spreadsheets for Analysis of Controlled Trials54 Sportscience10 http://sportsci.org/2006/amb.htmsSchool of Health and Social Care, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, UK. Email: A.Batterham@tees.ac.uk?Hopkins, W G Wood, M R20063The optimum composition for endurance sports drinks59-62 Sportscience107carbohydrate, energy, hydration, nutrition, salt, wateroSports drinks aimed at enhancing endurance performance lasting several hours need to contain ~20 mM salt (sodium chloride) and ~10% carbohydrate in the form of glucose polymers and fructose. The salt and carbohydrate offset the losses of these substances caused by exercise. They also accelerate the uptake of water. Glucose polymers are used instead of glucose to keep the total osmotically active solute concentration (tonicity or osmolarity) of the drink below that of body fluids, because higher concentrations reduce the rate of emptying of the stomach and reduce the rate of uptake of water in the small intestine.&http://sportsci.org/2006/wghdrinks.htm]Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz? Seiler, S2006)Guest editorial: sport science–a misfit55-56 Sportscience10+http://sportsci.org/2006/inbrief.htm#misfitqAgder University College, Faculty of Health and Sport, Kristiansand 4604, Norway. Email: stephen.seiler=AT=hia.no? Hopkins, W G2006 Sad stats56-57 Sportscience10(http://sportsci.org/2006/inbrief.htm#sad]Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz? Hopkins, W G2006Magnitude matters58 Sportscience10.http://sportsci.org/2006/inbrief.htm#magnitude]Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz? Hopkins, W G2006"Preparing graphics for publication58-59 Sportscience10,http://sportsci.org/2006/inbrief.htm#graphic]Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz? Hopkins, W G2006#New and updated research slideshows59 Sportscience10+http://sportsci.org/2006/inbrief.htm#slides]Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz? Hopkins, W G20065Estimating sample size for magnitude-based inferences63-70 Sportscience10Qconfidence limits, research design, statistical power, Type 1 error, Type 2 error0Sample-size estimation based on the traditional method of statistical significance is not appropriate for a study designed to make an inference about real-world significance, which requires interpretation of magnitude of an outcome. I present here a spreadsheet using two new methods for estimating sample size for such studies, based on acceptable uncertainty defined either by the width of the confidence interval or by error rates for a clinical or practical decision arising from the study. The spreadsheet includes a section for estimating sample size by the traditional method, which requires sample sizes three times greater than those provided by the new methods. The key issues and statistical principles underlying sample-size estimation are outlined in an accompanying slideshow and conference poster. "http://sportsci.org/2006/wghss.htm]Sport and Recreation, AUT University, Auckland 0627, New Zealand. Email: will=AT=clear.net.nz*?Cox, A J2006<Commentary on Spreadsheets for Analysis of Controlled Trials74 Sportscience10 http://sportsci.org/2006/ajc.htmDepartment of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, PO Box 176, Belconnen, Canberra, ACT 2616, Australia. Email: Amanda.Cox@ausport.gov.au?The, D J2006Commentary on Magnitude Matters75 Sportscience10(http://sportsci.org/2006/djt-inbrief.htm?Batterham, A M2006Commentary on Sad Stats76 Sportscience10(http://sportsci.org/2006/amb-inbrief.htm? Fincher, G E20062Commentary on A Spreadsheet for Combining Outcomes77 Sportscience10 http://sportsci.org/2006/gef.htmTSport Sciences, Ashland University, Ashland, Ohio 44805. Email: gfincher@ashland.edu ? Paton, C D2006/Commentary on Aerodynamic Drag Area of Cyclists70 Sportscience10 http://sportsci.org/2006/cpd.htm}Centre for Sport and Exercise Science, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand. Email: Carl.Paton@wintec.ac.nzU?.Martin, J C Gardner, A S Barras, M Martin, D T2006FAerodynamic drag area of cyclists determined with field-based measures68-69 Sportscience10*model, performance, test, track, velodrome}Aerodynamic drag is an important factor in the performance of competitive track and road cyclists. Recently we used wind-tunnel testing to validate a practical measure of aerodynamic drag derived from a field test. We present here instructions for performing the field test on a straight flat road or in a velodrome, and we include a spreadsheet for performing the calculations. #? Rowlands, D S2006ACommentary on The Optimum Composition for Endurance Sports Drinks71-73 Sportscience10 http://sportsci.org/2006/dsr.htm{Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand. Email: D.S.Rowlands@massey.ac.nzPKI@7I/**refs.FRM 0B< !// !HPRIMARYyearIndex 6ByP/) idreference_type text_stylesauthoryear title pages secondary_title volume numbernumber_of_volumessecondary_authorplace_published publishersubsidiary_authoredition keywords type_of_workdate2)  abstractlabelurltertiary_titletertiary_author notes isbn custom_1 custom_2 custom_3 custom_4alternate_titleaccession_number call_number short_title custom_5 custom_6sectionoriginal_publicationH) reprint_editionreviewed_itemauthor_addressimagecaption custom_7 electronic_resource_number link_to_pdf translated_author translated_titlename_of_databasedatabase_providerresearch_notes language access_datelast_modified_date !! H!H!H! (H! 3H! >H! IH! TH!_H!jH!uH! H!H!H! H! H!H! H!H!H!H!H! H! H! H! H! %H! 0H!;H!FH! QH! \H! gH! rH!}H!H!H!H!H!H!H! H! H! H! H! H!H! H!H! "H! -H!8H!idreference_typetext_stylesauthoryeartitlepagessecondary_titlevolumenumbernumber_of_volumessecondary_authorplace_publishedpublishersubsidiary_authoreditionkeywordstype_of_workdateabstractlabelurltertiary_titletertiary_authornotesisbncustom_1custom_2custom_3custom_4alternate_titleaccession_numbercall_numbershort_titlecustom_5custom_6sectionoriginal_publicationreprint_editionreviewed_itemauthor_addressimagecaptioncustom_7electronic_resource_numberlink_to_pdftranslated_authortranslated_titlename_of_databasedatabase_providerresearch_noteslanguageaccess_datelast_modified_datePKQq8 \66refs.MYDPKI@7I/**7refs.FRMPKlb